Which of the following can be an example of cryptic parasitism?

Cryptic parasitism refers to a form of parasitism where the parasite is not easily detected by the host or remains hidden in such a way that it effectively avoids being noticed, allowing it to feed and reproduce without drawing attention. In the context of the answer provided, all listed options—animal mange mites, straw itch mites, and ordinary chiggers—demonstrate behaviors or characteristics that align with the concept of cryptic parasitism.

Animal mange mites, for example, live on or within the skin of their hosts, where they cause irritation and are often difficult to notice until extensive damage is done. Similarly, straw itch mites may inhabit environments or materials that keep them less visible to their hosts, allowing them to feed on skin cells without immediate detection. Ordinary chiggers, while recognizable, can also be considered cryptic in the sense that they attach to their hosts and go unnoticed while feeding, often leaving their hosts unaware of their presence until after they have already fed.

By encompassing all these types of pests, the answer reflects the broader principles of cryptic parasitism. Each example demonstrates how parasites can exploit their environment and their hosts in subtle ways to sustain their lifecycle, making "all of the above" the correct choice.